Transpersonal Psychology Essay Example for Free

Transpersonal Psychology Essay The field of Transpersonal Psychology is the fourth field of psychology in addition to psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology which covers the concepts regarding â€Å"Near Death Experience reality’, ‘dream reality’ and ‘waking reality’. According to Lajoie and Shapiro from the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, â€Å"Transpersonal psychology is concerned with the study of humanity’s highest potential, and with the recognition, understanding, and realization of spiritual and transcendent states of consciousness. (Lajoie and Shapiro, 1992:91). However, Walsh and Vaughan started to criticize the many definitions of transpersonal psychology and referred it as the branch of psychology which studies transpersonal experiences which can be experienced during a distorted consciousness and other phenomena related to realms of mind and consciousness. (Walsh Vaughan, 1993, p203). Near Death Experience Near Death Experience (NDE) has been regarded as a phenomenon connected with several aspects such as the after-life experience and physiological experience that has both spiritual and psychological effects depending on how it is perceived. According to Jansen and Phil, â€Å"NDE is an altered state of consciousness of potentially great importance to psychology, philosophy, religion, medicine, neuroscience, art, and humanity in general. The mystery which it represents is of universal significance.† (Dr. Karl Jansen MB.ChB., 1998). According to Jody Long, a person who experienced NDE integrates it to his existing belief and strengthens their sense of spirituality which may involve change of religion. (Long, 2003) Generally, Kenneth Ring (1980) classified NDEs on a 5 stages in progression: 1. feelings of peace and contentment; 2. a sense of detachment from the body; 3. entering a transitional world of darkness (rapid movement through a long dark tunnel: the tunnel experience); 4. emerging into bright light which maybe a religious figure; and 5. entering the light. According to van Lommel, et.al., based on the clinical studies, some factors that lead to NDE include cardiac arrest, postpartum loss of blood, anaphylactic shock, coma, asphyxia, suicide, apnoea, near-drowning and serious depression.(van Lommel, 2001) However, it was observed that there are quite similarities among the description of NDEs and the skeptics understood it to be attributed to the pathology of the dying or reviving brain as suggested by Dr. Vladimir Negovsky. (Pravda, 2004). Dream Reality: A dream, as defined by American Heritage Dictionary (1978), is â€Å"a series of images, ideas, etc., occurring in certain stages of sleep.† Physiologically, it is commonly understood to be the product of the subconscious brain in processing waking reality and oftentimes outside the control of the dreamer. Eventually, studies showed that there is an exemption in lucid dreaming where the dreamer can control some aspects of the dream and experience it clearly. Stephen LaBerge, a popular experimenter has defined it as dreaming while knowing that you are dreaming. The clarity of the lucid dream signifies good dream recall. Practicing the control of the dream and recreating it may sometimes need tests to determine whether one is dreaming or not. Most common reality tests applied includes pinching oneself, holding one’s nose, or facing a mirror.(LaBerge, 1993) According to Eugen Tarnow, lucid dreaming is similar to NDE in that the persons involved both recall them with clarity. Both gives color and sound and become part of a long-term memory even during waking life. During waking life an executive function interprets long term memory consistent with reality checking. (Long, 2003) This coincides with Grosso’s observation that both stem from the same matrix of consciousness and involve the same mechanisms. (Grosso, 1983) It can also noted that as the NDErs consciously knows that they are experiencing reality, so the lucid dreamers knows that they are dreaming. It was shown in a study entitled Dreams and NDE that dreams rarely reproduced any part of the experience. (Long, 2003) This became the strongest evidence that NDEs and dreams are generally different states of consciousness.   Another way to interrelated the dreams, NDE and waking life is by looking at the thickness or thinness of boundaries an individual may have. According to Abraham Maslow â€Å"an individual’s capacity to experience transcendent states depends on a quality of openness that permits them to occur. (Kohr, 1983) p.171 Apparently, the â€Å"thicker† or more rigid the person, the less dreams the person recalled while the â€Å"thinner† or more fluid the person, the more dreams and waking reality blended. REFERENCES: Lajoie, D. H. Shapiro, S. I. (1992). Definitions of transpersonal psychology: The first twenty-three years. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, Vol. 24. p. 91. Walsh, R. Vaughan, F. (1993). On transpersonal definitions.Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 25 (2) 125-182 Dr. Karl Jansen MB.ChB., M. M. S., D. Phil (Oxon), MRCPsych. (1998). Ketamine Near Death and Near Birth Experience. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from http://www.lila.info/document_view.phtml?document_id=91 Grosso, M. (1983). Jung, Parapsychology, and the Near-Death Experience: Toward a Transpersonal Paradigm. The Journal for Near-Death Studies, 3(1), 19-22. Kohr, R. (1983). Near-Death Experiences In, Altered States, and Psi Sensitivity, Anabiosis. The Journal for Near-Death Studies, 3(2), 169-172. LaBerge, S. a. L., Lynne. (1993). The Light and Mirror Experiment Nightlight 5(Summer), 10. Long, J. A. a. L., Jeffrey. (2003). Dreams, Near-Death Experiences, and Reality Retrieved February 26, 2007, from www.nderf.org van Lommel, P. e. a. (2001). Near Death Experience In Survivors of Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective Study in the Netherlands. The Lancet( 358 ), 2039-2042.

Comparing the Theme of Nature with Works from Dicknson Whitman and Emer

Comparing the Theme of Nature with Works from Dicknson Whitman and Emerson Ralph Waldo Emerson once stated that â€Å"the first in time and the first in importance of the influences upon the mind is that of nature.† Nature in all its forms parallels with life, death, and the soul. Whether the sunshines or the rain falls, whether a flower blooms or willows, nature will always recreate itself and remain a mystery to mankind. To become one with nature, one must explore oneself and know that the simplicity found in it is both divine and perfect. The theme of nature plays a mayor role throughout Whitman, Dickinson, and Emerson’s writings. Each poet conveys his or her view of nature in a unique and symbolic way by searching for the individual or discovering one-self, and coming to terms with death. Emerson deals with nature in the form of discovering one’s self. His message is one of non-conformity and individuality. He feels that every man is unique within, and thinks that society and tradition are man’s downfalls. In The American Scholar, Emerson explains that â€Å"nature is the ...

Iklan Petronas

BACKGROUND Petronas as a biggest company in Malaysia are well known to Malaysian people and when we mention about Petronas, normally people will think about petroleum, refineries, KLCC and many more products of Petronas. There are many advertisements involving Petronas in the market, such are LPG gas advertisement, Petronas petroleum fuel, Petronas Grand Prix and Formula 1. There are many advertisements to promoting the products of Petronas instead of branding. On the other hand, Petronas also did the contribution due their social corporate work whereby they have done a good social work with giving interesting short video clip on the commercial advertisement on the television. There are many commercial advertisements that have done by Petronas on the television and they make the advertisement as a compulsory to them and will come out during the certain period of celebrations in Malaysia for example on Hari Raya day, National day and other national celebration. There are also many social advertisements released by the other big company like Petronas such as Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), PROTON, and Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM). However, Petronas’ advertisements are more attractive and succeed to give an impact to the audiences. Its shows that advertisements are really creative and succeed to touch the people heart who are watching on it. One of the advertisement from Petronas that caught my interest was the advertisement about â€Å" Burung Murai†. This advertisement was released during Hari Raya celebration period on 2007. THE STRENGTHS General Petronas advertisements always been watching by the audience and there already have a trust on the Petronas’ advertisement. Petronas has succeed to put on the audience minds that their advertisements are unique from the other with clear story line, attractive ways of presenting the idea, and touched the heart with the feelings of emotion. Petronas always come out with new idea and do not lack of interesting ideas. The idea was fresh and suit on environment makes them acceptable to any background of audience. Consistent with their advertisements and never missed to come out with new advertisement in every single celebration in Malaysia makes their advertisements are wanted for their audience to see the new one. Focused on moral values instead of promoting the products makes the messages on the moral values are delivered to audience. The messages is clear and easy to understand References http://www. petronas. com. my/internet/corp/centralrep2. nsf/frameset_corp? OpenFrameset http://www. kujie2. com/perayaan/iklan-raya-petronas-yang-mana-paling-best. html

I Am An Former Navy Seal Commander With Many Aptitudes And...

Essay #3 First and foremost, Let me introduce myself I m Mr. Survivalist, I am an ex navy seal commander with many aptitudes and survival tactics. One of my aptitudes that I acquired form my services was the operations and complete servicing of modern day internal combustion engines as a Senior Tech Mechanic. As I moved up the ranks, my training started to become educational, after which I was educated in the field of Communications, Networks and Satellite Operations. Like I mentioned earlier I have many aptitudes, but most of which I am in no liberty to discuss. You may however now that I am 52 years of age, furthermore after my navy service, I took an interest and pursued and attained a Masters in Bio Agriculture which later†¦show more content†¦This shelter is composed of many individuals with many traits, skills, and fundamental qualities that will aid in the survival and development of our society in the coming years after the Nuclear war. For the moment, our I cannot g ive too many details of my plan for our shelter as it may be hindered by unknown enemies, but I can share with you my philosophies. I believe that a society needs order, it needs discipline, commitment and most importantly good people with a good heart. I believe every resident of this shelter has those qualities within them. I have six main goals for us: survive, educate, clean-up, rebuild/restructure, repopulate and re-unite. Our shelter has all the proper defenses and shields to prevent any harm to us from the chaos and radiation that will transpiring outside of these walls. Our walls are 15 ft. thick of many layers of protection. We have our very own water supply, food supply both grown here and preserved. We generate our own electricity and have many energy efficient appliances. I have put into place many emergency plants of surviving incase for some reason our shelter becomes compromised. The next goal is educating our young ones. While we wait for the radiation levels to mi nimize, everyone will be educated for specific roles to better prepare our survival after leaving the shelter. Children however, will receive proper basic education. Those that wish to continue in education will have that option or they may